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O.R.--SERIES
III--VOLUME III [S# 124]
CORRESPONDENCE,
ORDERS, REPORTS, AND RETURNS OF THE UNION AUTHORITIES
FROM JANUARY 1 TO
DECEMBER 31, 1863.--# 11
WASHINGTON, D.C., June 4, 1863.
Hon. E. M. STANTON,
Secretary of War:
SIR: I have the honor herewith to submit a report of all my operations from
the commencement of the war to the present time, and in the hope that it may
be found to contain valuable information and to establish beyond doubt the
advantages of the aeronautic service to the Government.
I am, very respectfully, your most obedient
servant,
T. S.C. LOWE,
Aeronaut.
[Inclosure.]
WASHINGTON, D. C., May 26, 1863.
Hon. E. M. STANTON,
Secretary of War:
SIR: In accordance with your
request I have the honor to submit the following report of my operations in
the department of aeronautics, as connected with the military service of the
Government:
Balloons have been
employed for many years for the purposes of amusement or experiment, but they
have never been constructed of durable materials, nor combined those qualities
essential for frequent or long-continued observations, or for transportation
from place to place, until the present war. The French were the first and only
nation to make any use of this important means of securing information of the
position and movements of an enemy, and even the imperfect apparatus they
employed secured great advantages to them on two occasions. One of these was
in June, 1794, when they were used for reconnoitering the position of the
Austrians at the battle of Fleurus; the other was at the battle of Solferino,
in 1859.
For nearly ten years my
attention has been given to the subject of aeronautics, and I have made large
expenditures in practical experiments to perfect and develop the system.
Notwithstanding the fact that balloons were first invented in 1782, but little
had been subsequently done to improve them. Various inventions of air ships
had come into notice and proved to be impracticable, although the possibility
of devising a means of navigating the air with safety was believed by many.
Fully convinced of this myself, and that science and skill would produce the
long-desired invention, I constructed a large balloon in 1859 for experiments,
preliminary to an attempt to cross the Atlantic. This balloon when filled with
gas would lift more than twenty tons in weight. The envelope alone weighed two
and a quarter tons. Though treated as a visionary by the unthinking and by the
timid, I received substantial aid and support from some of the most eminent
scientific men of the country, and was thus encouraged to labor on in
improving and perfecting every part of my apparatus, so that no reasonable
ground of doubt should exist as to the ultimate success of the
experiment.
In December, 1860, I
presented the following memorial to the Smithsonian Institution, which I take
the liberty of including in this report as an evidence of the favor with which
my enterprise was looked upon by the distinguished men whose names are
subscribed to it:
PHILADELPHIA, December --,
1860.
Prof. JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.:
The undersigned, citizens of Philadelphia, have taken a
deep interest in the attempt of Mr. T. S.C. Lowe to cross the Atlantic by
aeronautic machinery, and have confidence that his extensive preparations to
effect that object will add greatly to scientific knowledge. Mr. Lowe has
individually spent much time and money in the enterprise, and in addition
the citizens of Philadelphia have contributed several thousand dollars to
further his efforts in demonstrating the feasibility of trans-Atlantic air
navigation. With reliance upon Mr. Lowe and his plans, we cheerfully
recommend him to the favorable consideration of the Smithsonian Institution,
and trust such aid and advice will be furnished him by that distinguished
body as may assist in the success of the attempt, in which we take a deep
interest.
JNO. C. CRESSON.
WILLIAM
HAMILTON.
W. H. HARRISON.
[AND THIRTEEN
OTHERS.]
The Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution, to whom the memorial was referred, gave it a careful
consideration, and although he did not recommend the appropriation of any of
the funds of the Institution to assist me in constructing the balloon, stated
the following as the result of his investigations:
It has been
fully established by continuous observations collected at this Institution
for ten years, from every part of the United States, that, as a general
rule, all the meteorological phenomena advance from west to east, and that
the higher clouds always move eastwardly. We are, therefore, from abundant
observation, as well as from theoretical considerations, enabled to state
with confidence that on a given day, whatever may be the direction of the
wind at the surface of the earth, a balloon elevated sufficiently high would
be carried easterly by the prevailing current in the upper or rather middle
region of the atmosphere.
I do
not hesitate, therefore, to say that, provided a balloon can be constructed
of sufficient size and of sufficient impermeability to gas, in order that it
may maintain a high elevation for a sufficient length of time, it would be
wafted across the Atlantic. I would not, however, advise that the first
experiment of this character be made across the ocean, but that the
feasibility of the project should be thoroughly tested and experience
accumulated by voyages over the interior of our
continent.
In accordance with the last
suggestion made by Professor Henry, and to remove all doubts from the minds of
those who considered the risk of the ocean voyage too great, I made ascensions
from points in the West, and had demonstrated the truth of my propositions,
when the breaking out of the rebellion turned the thoughts of all loyal
Americans to the state of the country. Feeling assured that I could render
essential service to the Government in its time of need, and that my
inventions would be appreciated by those who were in authority, I left
Philadelphia on the 5th of June, 1861, for Washington, taking with me a new
balloon with which I had made a voyage on the 20th of April of the same year
from Cincinnati, Ohio, to the coast of South Carolina, from 4 a.m. to 1 p.m.
of the same day, a distance of over 900 miles, in nine
hours.
On arriving in Washington
I immediately called on Professor Henry, who at once perceived the importance
and value of my proposed operations. He had repeated interviews with the
President of the United States, the Secretary of War (Mr. Cameron), and the
officers of the Topographical Engineer Corps, and strongly urged the trial of
experiments with my balloon to test its adaptation to the great work in which
we were engaged. Discouragement and difficulty attended every effort, however,
to secure attention; but finally, through the influence of Professor Henry, to
whose disinterested and persevering support is in a great measure due the
introduction of aeronautics into the military service of the United States, I
was enabled to make preliminary experiments with the balloon I had brought to
Washington.
The balloon was
inflated from one of the gas mains in the Armory grounds, and repeated
ascensions were made from that place, from the Smithsonian grounds, and from
the front of the Executive Mansion. For the first time telegraphic
communication was established between a balloon and the earth, and a message
was sent to the President of the United States and others while at an
elevation of a thousand feet.
For a detailed account of these experiments I have the honor to refer to the
following report from Professor Henry, under whose supervision they were
made:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
June 21, 1861.
Hon. SIMON CAMERON:
DEAR SIR: In
accordance with your request made to me orally on the morning of the 6th of
June, I have examined the apparatus and witnessed the balloon experiments of
Mr. Lowe, and have come to the following
conclusions:
1st. The balloon
prepared by Mr. Lowe, inflated with ordinary street gas, will retain its
charge for several days.
2d.
In an inflated condition it can be towed by a few men along an ordinary
road, or over fields, in ordinarily calm weather, from the places where it
is galled to another, twenty or more miles
distant.
3d. It can be let up
into the air by means of a rope in a calm day to a height sufficient to
observe the country for twenty miles around and more, according to the
degree of clearness of the atmosphere. The ascent may also be made at night
and the camp lights of the enemy
observed.
4th. From
experiments made here for the first time it is conclusively proved that
telegrams can be sent with ease and certainty between the balloon and the
quarters of the commanding
officer.
5th. I feel assured,
although I have not witnessed the experiment, that when the surface wind is
from the east, as it was for several days last week, an observer in the
balloon can be made to float nearly to the enemy's camp (as it is now
situated to the west of us), or even to float over it, and then return
eastward by rising to a higher elevation. This assumption is based on the
fact that the upper strata of wind in this latitude is always flowing
eastward. Mr. Lowe informs me, and I do not doubt his statement, that he
will on any day which is favorable make an excursion of the kind above
mentioned.
6th. From all the
facts I have observed and the information I have gathered I am sure that
important information may be obtained in regard to the topography of the
country and to the position and movements of an enemy by means of the
balloon now, and that Mr. Lowe is well qualified to render service in this
way by the balloon now in his
possession.
7th. The balloon
which Mr. Lowe now has in Washington can only be inflated in a city where
street gas is to be obtained. If an exploration is required at a point too
distant for the transportation of the inflated balloon, an additional
apparatus for the generation of hydrogen gas will be required. The necessity
of generating the gas renders the use of the balloon more expensive, but
this, where important results are required, is of comparatively small
importance.
For these
preliminary experiments, as you may recollect, a sum not to exceed $200 or
$250 was to be appropriated, and in accordance with this Mr. Lowe has
presented me with the inclosed statement of items, which I think are
reasonable, since nothing is charged for labor and time of the
aeronaut.
I have the honor to remain, very respectfully,
your obedient servant,
JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary
Smithsonian Institution.
On the evening of the 21st of
June I received a telegram from Captain Whipple, of the Topographical
Engineers, directing me to fill the balloon and to bring it, with the
telegraphic apparatus, &c., to
Arlington.
The gas could not be
obtained from the Washington Gas Company until the following afternoon, when
the balloon was inflated and taken across the Long Bridge to Arlington House,
where, by order of Captain Whipple, it remained until the next morning at 4
o'clock, when I was ordered to take it to Falls Church. On arriving at the
Alexandria and Loudoun Railroad I learned from the guards that there were no
pickets out in the direction we were going. There being no other route by
which the balloon could be towed, on account of the woods, and knowing the
importance of observations from Falls Church, the balloon was let up by ropes
to a sufficient height to ascertain that it was safe to proceed. We then
advanced two miles farther, to Bailey's Cross-Roads, where I was informed by
the residents that a rebel scouting party had just left, having seen the
balloon, and supposing that a large force accompanied it. After stopping a few
minutes we proceeded to Falls Church, where the balloon was kept in constant
use for two days more, during which time General Tyler sent up an officer who
sketched a fine map' of the surrounding country and observed the movements of
the enemy. Captain Whipple and other officers also made several
ascensions.
On the 26th of June
I was informed by Captain Whipple that the Bureau of Topographical Engineers
had concluded to adopt the balloon for military purposes, and desired me to
furnish a full account of the method of operating the balloons in the field,
and to make estimates for their construction, &c, The information I gave
he noted down. The next day, upon calling on the captain to know what
conclusion he had arrived at, I was informed that he had decided to give an
order to Mr. Wise to construct a balloon, as his estimate was $100 or $200
less than mine, but that it was possible I might be employed to operate the
balloon after it was made. To the latter part of his remarks I replied that I
would not be willing to expose my life and reputation by using so delicate a
machine, where the utmost care in construction was required, which should be
made by a person in whom I had no confidence. I assured him that I had greater
experience in this business than any other aeronaut, and that I would
guarantee the success of the enterprise if intrusted entirely to my
directions.
Feeling confident of
the ultimate result, and not being willing to abandon my cherished plans for
the benefit of the Government after so much expenditure of time and my own
means, I instituted a series of experiments, on my own account, in the
Smithsonian grounds, which brought together many officers and scientific men,
who strongly recommended the adoption of my system of aeronautics. Among
others who witnessed these experiments was Captain Whipple, who, finding that
the balloon ordered from Mr. Wise had not arrived at the time promised,
desired me to transport my balloon, then inflated, with the army which was
moving toward Manassas. My operations at this time are described in the
following communication addressed to Major Bache, of the Topographical
Engineers, to which I would call particular attention:
WASHINGTON, D.C., July 29,
1861.
Major BACHE,
Bureau
Topographical Engineers:
SIR: Having
spent two months in Washington for the purpose of demonstrating the utility
of balloon observations for war purposes, and thus far without any
recompense, I feel it my duty before retiring from the seat of war to make a
statement of what I have done and what might and can be accomplished,
provided the Government would furnish the necessary means, which at most is
very small compared with the results that can be
attained.
In the first place,
the balloon which I have been compelled to use (for want of a more suitable
one) was intended for making free voyages, in which comparatively but little
strength is required, and not for the purpose of ascension with ropes. On
the 18th of June I inflated the balloon, and, with a telegraph apparatus
attached, ascended with three persons and demonstrated the feasibility of
communicating with the earth, which at times can be rendered very useful.
This inflation lasted four days, although subjected to the pressure of
several very heavy winds. Two days afterward the balloon was again inflated
and transferred fourteen miles from the place of filling, and retained its
charge for several days, during which time it was let up repeatedly, and on
one occasion 1,000 feet with an officer, who sketched a map of roads and of
the enemy's camps at Fairfax CourtHouse. Much greater results could have
been obtained by making a free voyage at an altitude of a mile or two and
returning in the upper current toward Washington. I then gave it another
coat of varnish, which much increased its retentive power, and demonstrated
the utility of the balloon for the purpose of reconnaissance to a number of
gentlemen of this city on the Smithsonian grounds. After this I was suddenly
required by Captain Whipple to fill my balloon and transport it into the
interior of Virginia. Although this balloon was not intended for war
purposes, and although I had cherished the hope of being directed to
construct another, I concluded to do the best I could, and accordingly set
about making the necessary preparations for the voyage; but when these were
completed and I was ready to start, I was unable, on account of the absence
of Captain Whipple, to procure the men and means for the inflation and
transportation. Not being able to obtain assistance from Captain Whipple,
who was then on duty, I concluded, on the advice of my friends, to inflate
the balloon and procure men for its transportation on my own account, not
doubting that my services would be properly appreciated; but to my
disappointment I was informed by the director of the gas company that
another balloon had arrived and was to be used instead of mine. On the
receipt of this intelligence I removed my balloon from the inflating pipes,
to give place to the other balloon, and ceased all further efforts until I
was informed, on Sunday, that the competing balloon had proved a failure,
and then being urged by several patriotic individuals, and hoping still to
render some service to the army at Centerville or Manassas, I commenced on
Sunday morning to make preparations for inflating and transporting my
balloon, and on the evening of the same day started with it for Virginia. In
this enterprise I was aided by the liberality of Colonel Small, who
furnished me with twenty men from his command for the purpose.
Unfortunately, when we arrived at Falls Church I was informed of the retreat
of the army, and thinking it useless to attempt to go farther, I concluded
to remain there, even after all the troops had passed by and in the midst of
a drenching rain, with the hope that I might be of service in giving
information as to the approach of the enemy; but as the pickets were
withdrawn, I started again at 4.30 on Monday afternoon to return to
Arlington, the rain continuing to fall in torrents, the wind against us, and
arrived at Fort Corcoran at 8 o'clock the same evening with the balloon
fully inflated, after having been transported against a wind of considerable
force, through a distance in all of about twenty tories, the latter half of
which was in a violent rain-storm. I remained with the balloon at Fort
Corcoran until Wednesday morning, and then, taking advantage of the
favorable weather, I ascended at 7.30 o'clock with an ascensional power of
500 pounds beyond the weight of the balloon itself. I obtained an altitude
of about three and one-half miles and had a distinct view of the encampments
of the enemy, and observed them in motion between Manassas Junction and
Fairfax.
From the facts I have
stated it must be evident to every one that the balloon can be rendered of
essential service 'in the art of war, and that I have accomplished all I
have undertaken without a single failure, with very imperfect means and with
scarcely any aid from the
Government.
Having thus given
an account of what has been accomplished, I now proceed to furnish a
statement of what might or can be done if proper facilities are
afforded:
First. It is very
probable that balloons will be wanted for some time to come in the vicinity
of Washington and Alexandria to watch the movements of the enemy and prevent
a surprise. For this purpose the balloon now in my possession will answer
very well until another can be procured. With it, almost every day or two,
ascents can be made to a great altitude, affording an opportunity for
several officers at the same time to observe, with good glasses, the
position and movements of the enemy in perfect security, without risk of
life or property.
Second.
While the army is making preparation for another movement a lighter balloon,
with portable apparatus, can be constructed in time to more with the troops,
and be ready before and during an engagement to furnish the means of
observations of the greatest
importance.
Having made the
necessary inquiries, I find that the required apparatus can be constructed
by mechanics now in the Government employ in Washington; that the whole
weight of material to inflate the balloon for several days' use will not
exceed four tons, and can be carried in two or three wagons, and that the
whole expense for inflating, aside from the apparatus, will not exceed $300,
including transportation.
It
will not be necessary to use this method of inflation, excepting at a
distance from gas works too great to move an inflated
balloon.
The same apparatus
can also be used on the rivers, and ere long will probably be much wanted at
Fortress Monroe, Norfolk, and Richmond, and many other
places.
Should the Government
conclude to adopt the above methods, and desire my services, I will give my
plans in detail, and shall be pleased to carry them out. I can truly say
that I have not, in my endeavor to introduce balloon observations into use
in our Army, been governed by a desire for pecuniary gain, but I have been
actuated by a wish to increase my reputation and advance the art to which I
have devoted my life, by demonstrating its importance to the country in its
present critical condition.
Hoping that if my services are further required, I may receive as early a
notice as possible,
I remain, very truly, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C.
LOWE,
Aeronaut.
The ascension of the 24th of
July, alluded to in the foregoing letter, was made in consequence of a report
being circulated that the enemy was marching in force on Washington, which
caused much excitement. The result of my observations, published the next day,
showed this report to be untrue and restored
confidence.
In this voyage I
started soon after sunrise, while the atmosphere was clear, and sailed
directly over the country occupied by the enemy, as the lower current was
blowing toward the west. Having seen what I desired, I rose to the upper
current and commenced moving toward the east again, until over the Potomac,
when I commenced to descend, thinking that the under current would take me
back far enough to land near Arlington House. When within a mile of the earth
our troops commenced firing at the balloon, supposing it to belong to the
rebels. I descended near enough to hear the whistling of the bullets and the
shouts of the soldiers to "show my colors." As I had, unfortunately, no
national flag with me, and knowing that if I attempted to effect a landing
there my balloon---and very likely myself--would be riddled, I concluded to
sail on and to risk descending outside of our lines. This I accomplished, and
landed on Mason's plantation, five miles and a half from Alexandria and two
miles and a half outside of our pickets. A detailed account of my escape would
be interesting, but it is sufficient to say that I was kindly assisted in
returning by the Thirty-first Regiment New York Volunteers, and brought back
the balloon, though somewhat damaged, owing to my having been obliged to land
among trees. The balloon was generally supposed to be one of the enemy's, and
the authorities in Washington were telegraphed from Arlington to this
effect.
On the 29th of July I
received the following dispatch from Captain Whipple:
ARLINGTON, July 29,
1861.
T. S. C. LOWE:
If you will at
once repair your balloon, and will superintend its transportation to this
side of the Potomac, the United States will employ you temporarily as
follows: The United States will pay for the gas used for the inflation, will
furnish twenty men to manage the balloon, will pay you $30 per day for each
day the balloon is in use for reconnaissance on the Virginia side of the
Potomac. The balloon to be ready for use within twenty-four
hours.
A. W. WHIPPLE,
Captain,
Topographical Engineers.
In answer to this I informed
Captain Whipple that I could not enter upon such an arrangement, but that if
the Government would direct me to construct a balloon such as I deemed
suitable for military purposes I would only charge $10 a day for my services,
instead of $30, and would guarantee entire success. I also stated the cost of
the new apparatus and the time required for its
construction.
I, however,
repaired the balloon, as desired by Captain Whipple, but while transporting it
with inexperienced men a distance of ten miles over a rough road, where there
were many obstructions, we were overtaken by a heavy storm and I was obliged
to discharge the gas. In relation to this occurrence I beg leave to refer to
the following letter from Professor Henry:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, August 2,
1861.
Capt. A. W. WHIPPLE,
U. S.
Army:
DEAR SIR: I
regret very much to learn from Mr. Lowe that you think of giving up the
balloon operations, and I write to express the hope that you will make
further attempts. A single successful observation will fully repay all that
you have yet expended.
The
experiment of Wednesday was rendered abortive by the accidental occurrence
of a thunder-storm which could not be foreseen. At this season of the year
thunder-storms occur generally in the after part of the day or night, and I
would therefore advise that the balloon be filled immediately after the
clearing off of the sky, and then used as soon as possible after daylight
the next day.
Mr. Lowe came to
this city with the implied understanding that, if the experiments he
exhibited to me were successful, he would be employed. He has labored under
great disadvantages, and has been obliged to do all that he has done, after
the first experiment, without money. From the first he has said that the
balloon he now has was not sufficiently strong to bear the pressure of a
hard wind, although it might be used with success in favorable situations
and in perfectly calm weather. I hope that you will not yet give up the
experiments, and that you will be enabled with even this balloon to do
enough to prove the importance of this method of observation, and to warrant
the construction of a balloon better adapted to the purpose.
I remain, very truly, your obedient
servant,
JOSEPH HENRY.
Up to this time I had used my
own machinery, and had a party of persons constantly employed at my own
expense to assist in the management of the balloon and to keep it in
order.
On the 2d of August I
called on Maj. Hartman Bache and gave him a detailed account of what I had
accomplished, also setting forth the advantages of using balloons, provided
proper facilities were afforded. Upon this Major Bache gave me a letter to
Captain Whipple, authorizing him to direct me to construct such a balloon as I
desired; upon the receipt of which the latter gave me the following order and
instructions:
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF NORTHEASTERN
VIRGINIA,
Arlington, August 2,
1861.
Mr. T. S. C. LOWE,
Aeronaut:
SIR: You are
hereby employed to construct a balloon for military purposes capable of
containing at least 25,000 cubic feet of gas, to be made of the best India
silk, not inferior to the sample which is divided between us, you retaining
a part, with best linen network, and three guys of manilla cordage from
1,200 to 1,500 feet in length. The materials you will purchase immediately,
the best the markets afford and at prices not exceeding ordinary rates; and
the bills you will forward to me through Maj. Hartman Bache, chief of the
Corps of Topographical Engineers. When these materials shall have been
collected at Philadelphia, where the balloon is to be constructed, you will
report to me, that I may send an officer of the corps to inspect them. You
need not, however, wait for the inspecting officer, but go on rapidly with
the work, with the understanding that it may be suspended, provided that
upon examination the materials or work prove
unsatisfactory.
Your
compensation from the day of collecting the materials and during the time of
making the balloon shall be $5 per day, provided that a reasonable time be
allowed for the collection and ten days for making. From and after the day
that the balloon shall be ready for inflation at Washington, D.C., your
compensation will be $10 per day as long as the Government may require your
services.
Inclosed herewith is
an order authorizing the purchase of materials necessary for the operation
with which you are charged.
Very respectfully,
A. W.
WHIPPLE,
Captain, Topographical
Engineers.
[Inclosure.]
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF NORTHEASTERN
VIRGINIA.
Mr. T. S. C.
Lowe, aeronaut, is hereby authorized to purchase 1,200 yards of best India
silk and sufficient linen thread, cordage, &c., for the construction of
a balloon, and all reasonable bills for the same, when presented to me
through the Bureau of Topographical Engineers, will be paid.
A. W.
WHIPPLE,
Captain,
Topographical Engineers.
From this time until the 28th of
August was consumed in the construction of the first substantial war balloon
ever built.
The main obstacle to
the successful use of balloons still had to be overcome, namely, a portable
apparatus for generating the gas in the field. I had already devised a plan
for this purpose, but, as I could not then obtain an order to construct the
apparatus, I was obliged to inflate the balloon as formerly in Washington, and
to confine its operations to that locality. At this time I received the
following orders from Major Woodruff and Captain Whipple:
WASHINGTON, D.C., August 28,
1861.
Mr. LOWE,
Balloonist,
Washington, D. C.:
SIR: Get the
silk balloon in readiness for inflation immediately. A detail of thirty men
will repair to the Columbian Armory to aid you in the inflation and
transportation of the balloon.
Respectfully, yours,
I. C.
WOODRUFF,
Major, Topographical Engineers.
Inclosed is an order for gas.
I. C.
W.
FORT CORCORAN, August 29,
1861.
Prof. T. S. C. LOWE:
The general
desires you to be here at 3 a.m. to-morrow morning to make an ascension
before daybreak to examine camp-fires, and ascend again as soon as it may be
light enough to watch for movements of any bodies of men. Should I not be
present please write the observations and send them to me by express at
Arlington.
A. W. WHIPPLE,
Captain,
Topographical Engineers.
These orders were complied with,
and during my observations I discovered the enemy for the first time building
earth-works on Munson's Hill and Clark's Hill, and also saw their movements
along the entire line. In the afternoon I moved the balloon to Ball's
CrossRoads and there took several observations, during which the enemy opened
their batteries on the balloon and several shots passed by it and struck the
ground beyond. These shots were the nearest to the U.S. capital that had been
fired by the enemy, or have yet been, during the
war.
From this time the balloon
was kept in constant use and daily reports made to the commanding officers. I
regret that I kept copies of but few of these, as at the time I did not
consider that they would be required. Confidence in this new means of
observation soon began to be manifested, and many officers made ascensions,
among whom were Generals McDowell, Porter, and Martindale. On the 7th of
September Major-General McClellan ascended and made an examination of the
enemy's works on Munson's Hill and other points, a view of which it was
impossible to obtain by any other
means.
From this time to the
27th of September many alarms were given, and the troops called out in line of
battle, and in every instance after an examination had been made by means of
the balloon the troops were sent back to their quarters and allowed to rest
without danger of being
surprised.
Having only one
balloon, I was necessarily compelled to lose some time to go to Washington for
gas, which I invariably did, however, at night.
The following papers will
indicate my operations to the 27th of September:
HEADQUARTERS PORTER'S DIVISION,
Fort Corcoran, Va., September 7,
1861.
Professor LOWE:
SIR: General
Porter desires you to make a reconnaissance in your balloon as early as
possible to-morrow morning. Be kind enough to send the result of your
observations to General Porter, whether you discover anything of interest or
not.
Very respectfully,
J. F.
McQUESTEN.
BALLOON HEADQUARTERS, September 8,
1861.
Brigadier-General PORTER,
Commanding Division, Fort Corcoran :
DEAR SIR:
According to your request I made two reconnaissances with the balloon this
morning. The first a little after 4 o'clock. At that time no lights were
visible in the west. At 5 o'clock one light to the right of Munson's Hill
and one at Taylor's Corners appeared, which were all that could be seen. I
ascended again at 6 o'clock and had a clear view of the works on Munson's
Hill, also Upton's, but observed nothing unusual, the strong wind preventing
me from attaining an altitude to observe with distinctness anything beyond
these points. I will ascend again during the day and report to
you.
Your obedient servant,
T. S. C.
LOWE,
Aeronaut.
HEADQUARTERS PORTER'S DIVISION,
Fort Corcoran, Va., September 9,
1861.
Professor LOWE,
Fort
Corcoran:
PROFESSOR:
General McClellan desires you to transfer your balloon to the Chain Bridge
early to-morrow to take observations. I have informed him you will inflate
as early as practicable and move up to Chain Bridge. I am desirous to see
you prosper, and I think you are now on the road. I have recommended an
increase of two balloons and movable inflating apparatus, and as soon as the
utility of the science is made apparent (which will depend on your energy) I
have no doubt of success. Strike now while the iron is hot. I suggested your
balloon should be sent up to Chain Bridge or its vicinity, and I doubt not
General McClellan will be there, or others, who will work for you if they
are satisfied of its utility. General Smith is in command, and I promise a
good reception for you.
If I
can aid you in any manner, don't hesitate to call. I will be pleased to see
you before you go over in the morning, and the result of your morning
observation, which I beg of you to take.
I am, sir, with great respect, your obedient
servant,
F. J. PORTER.
BALLOON HEADQUARTERS, September
9--2.30 p.m.
General PORTER:
I have just
concluded another observation with the balloon and had a distinct view of
Falls Church.
In answer to
your inquiry, I can say that there is no appearance of the enemy in or about
Falls Church other than has been reported before. Munson's Hill and other
places remain the same.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE.
FORT CORCORAN, September 11,
1861.
Professor LOWE:
I have nothing
special. As your balloon is near Chain Bridge, I suggest you ask General
Smith if he has anything. I presume if you can rise in the morning he would
like it. You are of value now.
F. J.
PORTER.
ARLINGTON, VA., September 16,
1861.
Brig. Gen. F. J. PORTER,
Commanding Division at Fort Corcoran:
SIR: In
accordance with your request I herewith send a statement of what I should
advise and deem necessary in addition to the means now at hand for the
purpose of facilitating and making more frequent reconnaissances with
balloons, and from various points at the same time, also for the purpose of
being ready to accompany the army whenever a movement is
made.
First. An addition of
two balloons would be required, with capacities as follows: One of 30,000
cubic feet and one of 20,000, built of the best India silk and linen
cordage, with all my late improvements and appliances. The cost of these air
vessels complete will be, for the largest, $1,500; the smallest,
$1,200.
Secondly. A portable
inflating apparatus would be required for the purpose of inflating a balloon
at any point where common gas cannot be obtained, and also for the purpose
of replenishing the balloons when the gas is partially expended. This would
save the expense of an entire reinflation, and also keep the balloon ready
for observation at all times; besides, the hydrogen being more buoyant than
coal gas, a greater altitude can be
obtained.
The whole cost of
this apparatus ought not to exceed $500, and can be built by ship carpenters
and coppersmiths now in the employ of the Government at Washington. The time
required for getting up these balloons and apparatus will be about two
weeks, perhaps less, should the weather prove fine while coating the
material.
By being supplied
with the above additional equipments I feel confident in being able to keep
the Government constantly informed of the movements and position of the
enemy, as well as the topography of the country. Wherever occasion requires,
the balloons can also be used for letting up various colored signal lights
at night, which can be made to burn for a long time, and consequently will
be seen with more certainty than by any other means.
Very respectfully, yours,
T. S. C.
LOWE.
BALLOON HEADQUARTERS, September
20, 1861.
Brig. Gen. F. J. PORTER,
Commanding Division, Fort Corcoran:
DEAR SIR: I have
just taken an observation from an altitude of 1,000 feet, and find the
atmosphere uncommonly clear in the west. I shall move to the place where you
first ascended, and would be pleased if you can come and go up with me. We
may be able to discover something of interest.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE.
BALLOON HEADQUARTERS, September
22, 1861.
Brigadier-General PORTER,
Commanding Division, Fort Corcoran:
During my
observations this evening I noticed a pretty heavy picket force on Upton's
Hill and several camp smokes at Taylor's Corners. On the west slope of
Munson's Hill there appeared to be a full regiment with a set of colors,
their bayonets glistening in the sun as if on parade. I could see nothing of
the horses you spoke of, but as soon as I can get the balloon inflated again
I will go nearer and examine the woods.
Very respectfully, yours,
T. S. C.
LOWE.
CAMP ADVANCE, September 23,
1861.
General F. J. PORTER:
At about 8.30
to-morrow morning I wish to fire from here at Falls Church. Will you please
send the balloon up from Fort Corcoran and have note taken of the position
reached by the shell, and telegraph each observation at once.
W. F. SMITH.
HEADQUARTERS PORTER'S DIVISION,
Fort Corcoran, Va., September 24,
1861.
Professor LOWE:
SIR: By
direction of General Porter I herewith inclose a telegram from General
Smith. It explains itself. Two mounted orderlies will be sent you so that
you can, with the assistance of your officer, report and send to these
headquarters. During the time of fire it is very important to know how much
the shot or shell fall short, if any at all.
Very respectfully, yours,
J. F.
McQUESTEN,
Lieutenant and
Aide-de-Camp.
[Inclosure.]
SEPTEMBER 24,
1861.
General F. J. PORTER:
If we fire to
the right of Falls Church, let a white flag be raised in the balloon; if to
the left, let it be lowered; if over, let it be shown stationary; if under,
let it be waved occasionally.
W. F. SMITH.
HEADQUARTERS OF BALLOON,
Arlington, September 24, 1861.
Brig. Gen. F. J. PORTER,
Commanding Division, Fort Corcoran:
SIR: This
evening I took the balloon out near Ball's Cross-Roads and remained up
nearly two hours. I had a distinct view of the works on a hill about one
mile and a half beyond Munson's Hill. There seems to be heavy guns mounted
and a pretty heavy force near by. Several tents were visible about there and
a number of bodies of men on
parade.
To the left of a high
bluff, and about ten miles distant to the left, or nearly in a line with
Bailey's Cross-Roads, there appeared to be a long line of smoke, as.if there
were several camps. The smokes of the enemy's pickets are quite numerous,
and a large body of men were on Upton's Hill, and also what appeared to be a
field piece.
The whole
distance from Chain Bridge to Falls Church is shown plainly from my new
point of observation, and I think a shell could not be fired without seeing
where it strikes.
Should it be
convenient for you to come and go up in the morning the first thing, I think
you will gain some valuable information.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE.
CHAIN BRIDGE, September 24,
1861.
General PORTER:
I am going to
Lewinsville to-morrow (Wednesday). Will you let Professor Lowe go up at 11,
or little before, to watch the road from Falls Church and round to
Lewinsville? Can't practice at fort to-morrow.
W. F. SMITH.
CHAIN BRIDGE, September 25,
1861.
Professor LOWE:
General Smith
desires you to go up in the balloon this morning to observe the movements of
troops, although we will not fire from the fort. The general is going out
with the command, and firing will only be done in case the enemy is
met.
C. MUNDEE,
Assistant
Adjutant-General.
SEPTEMBER 25,
1861.
PROFESSOR: Look
out for a battle at Lewinsville, and movements between us and that
point.
F. J. PORTER.
Send me word of
anything important.
SEPTEMBER 25,
1861.
PROFESSOR: I am
anxious about the movement from Chain Bridge. The enemy has moved north and
has all his force between General Smith and Lewinsville, evidently to
intercept his return.
I wish
to get as much information of his movements, or what is transpiring,
possible before sundown. I expect the return of the enemy, and if much dust
be visible wish to know it, that I may send out a force.
F. J. PORTER.
If you can get
up against this wind, will be glad. An important move is on
foot.
HEADQUARTERS OF BALLOON, September
25, 1861.
Brigadier-General PORTER,
Commanding Division, Fort Corcoran:
SIR: Soon after
you departed I heard the report of three guns toward Chain Bridge. I
ascended and remained up until 12 o'clock, during which time no more guns
were fired. About three miles in advance of Chain Bridge I could distinguish
the glistening of bayonets and quite a large body of men in motion, but as
they were going from the bridge I concluded they were General Smith's
forces.
The parade at the
Seminary made a grand display, while on Munson's Hill quite a large crowd
were gathered. After descending I heard two more guns in the direction of
the Chain Bridge, but the wind has arisen and prevents me from taking any
observations at present. I am confident that there is no great movement on
the part of the enemy, or I should have seen something of it, although the
distance and heavy smoke are great obstacles to-day in that
direction.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE.
QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
Washington City, September 25,
1861.
Prof. T. S. C. LOWE:
(In care Maj.
S. Van Vliet, senior quartermaster, Army of the Potomac,
Washington.)
SIR: Upon the
recommendation of Major-General McClellan the Secretary of War has directed
that four additional balloons be at once constructed under your direction,
together with such inflating apparatus as may be necessary for them and the
one now in use. It is desirable that they be completed with the least
possible delay.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
M. C.
MEIGS,
Quartermaster-General.
On the 30th of September the
balloon was taken to Upton's Hill and used constantly, General McDowell, the
Count de Paris, and other officers ascending with me and gaining much valuable
information greatly needed at the time, as there was no other means of
learning the position and movements of the enemy, and where an attack was
expected. I received many complimentary remarks during the day from the
officers, who were satisfied of the value of the balloon for
reconnaissances.
From the 1st to
the 12th of October the balloon was left in charge of an assistant while I was
engaged in the construction of the balloons and gas generators ordered by the
Secretary of War.
QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
Washington City, October 1,
1861.
Lieut. Col. G. H. CROSMAN,
Deputy Quartermaster-General, Philadelphia, Pa.:
COLONEL: The
Secretary of War having authorized Professor Lowe to construct four balloons
for military purposes, you will pay for them, and such bills as may be made
by him in their construction, the whole amount to be paid being about the
sum he names as their cost, viz, for the two largest $1,500 each, and for
the smallest $1,200 each.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
By
order:
E. SIBLEY,
Brevet Colonel, U. S. Army,
Deputy Quartermaster-General.
GENERAL MCCLELLAN'S
HEADQUARTERS,
Washington, October 12,
1861.
Professor LOWE:
General
McClellan directs that you report yourself to General Smith at Johnson's
Hill. Be there sure to-morrow, Sunday night.
A. V.
COLBURN.
In accordance with the above
order I inflated the balloon the same evening and started at 9 p.m. Our
progress was slow, the night being very dark, and we were constantly
apprehensive of running the balloon against trees or other obstacles. After
passing through Washington and Georgetown, crossing numerous flag ropes and
telegraph wires stretched across the streets, we reached the road to the Chain
Bridge. This was lined with trees and we were compelled to go across the
fields, as the wind was too high to tow the balloon when elevated, and it soon
became cloudy and so dark that it was with the utmost difficulty we advanced.
At several points trees had to be felled to allow a passage for the balloon.
We arrived at the Chain Bridge about 3 o'clock the next (Sunday) morning, and
found it filled with artillery and cavalry going to Virginia. In order to take
the balloon over my men were obliged to mount the trestle-work and walk upon
the stringers, only eighteen inches wide and nearly 100 feet above the bed of
the river. Thus, with the balloon above their heads, myself in the car
directing the management of the ropes, the men getting on and off the
trestle-work, with a column of artillery moving below, and 100 feet still
lower, the deep and strong current rushing over the rocks, while the sky was
dark above, the scene was novel, exciting, and not a little dangerous. At
daybreak we arrived near Lewinsville, nearly exhausted by the excessive
fatigue of the trip. Here a strong wind sprung up suddenly and I was obliged
to lash the balloon with strong ropes to stumps in a field. In a few minutes
the wind increased to a terrific gale, which continued for an hour, tearing up
trees by the roots close to where the balloon was anchored. When the storm
reached its height the cordage gave way and the balloon escaped. It ascended
to a great height, and in less than an hour landed to the eastward on the
coast of Delaware, a distance of about 100 miles, where I afterward obtained
it. This gale proved the great strength of the balloon silk, and that the
cordage was insufficient in comparison, although it was capable of bearing a
strain of ten tons. I immediately ordered all the rest of the cordage used for
my balloons to be made strong enough to resist a strain of twenty-five tons,
which has proved sufficient to resist any gale thus
far.
From this time to the 10th
of November I was occupied in superintending the construction of balloons and
gas generators. From the latter date to the end of the year the following
reports and communications (to which I would call attention) embrace the
principal operations in which I was engaged.
BALLOON EXPEDITION ON BOARD
U. S. STEAM TUG CŒUR DE LION,
Mouth of Mattawoman Creek, Sunday Evening, November 10,
1861.
Major-General HOOKER:
SIR: In
obedience to orders of Major-General McClellan I have come to this place for
the purpose of making an aeronautic observation of the forces of the enemy.
The balloon will be inflated immediately, so as to be ready for use early
to-morrow morning.
Will you
have the kindness to detail an officer to confer with me, so that I may make
such dispositions and arrangements as will best enable me to accomplish the
object for which I have been sent.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief Aeronaut, U. S.
Army.
NAVY-YARD,
Washington, D. C., November 12,
1861.
Lieutenant-Colonel COLBURN:
DEAR SIR: I have
the pleasure of reporting the complete success of the first balloon
expedition by water ever attempted. I left the navy-yard early Sunday
morning, the 10th instant, with a lighter (formerly the G. W. P. Custis)
towed out by the steamer Coeur de Lion, having on board competent assistant
aeronauts, together with my new gas generating apparatus, which, though used
for the first time, worked admirably. We located at the mouth of Mattawoman
Creek, about three miles from the opposite or Virginia shore. Yesterday I
proceeded to make observations, accompanied in my ascensions by General
Sickles and others. We had a fine view of the enemy's camp-fires during the
evening, and saw the rebels constructing new batteries at Freestone Point. I
was under the necessity of returning for some necessary articles this
morning, and will go back immediately to continue in person the
reconnaissances.
After making
all necessary arrangements below, and leaving a competent aeronaut and
assistants in charge, I shall return and place the other balloons wherever
the general desires them. I have now a competent aeronaut for each of the
new balloons, and in the course of a few days they can all be in active
operation. I will call and see you on my return.
Your obedient servant,
T. S. C.
LOWE,
Aeronaut.
HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
November 16,
1861.
Professor LOWE:
General
McClellan desires me to say that he desires to have the first balloon kept
ready to be sent to Port Royal; the second one he desires to have sent to
Brigadier-General Stone, at Poolesville, as soon as it is ready.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
A. V. COLBURN,
Assistant
Adjutant-General.
HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
Washington, November 16, 1861.
Professor LOWE:
General
McClellan desires that you have a balloon ready to be taken to Port Royal by
the first opportunity. It is impossible to tell exactly when it can be sent,
but I will try to give you three or four days' notice.
Very respectfully,
A. V.
COLBURN,
Assistant
Adjutant-General.
A report was circulated that the
enemy were advancing their forces, and I was ordered to make a reconnaissance,
of which the following was the result:
NATIONAL HOTEL,
Washington, November 21, 1861.
Lieut. Col. A. V. COLBURN:
DEAR SIR:
Yesterday I inflated one of the balloons, the Intrepid, and moved it to
Minor's Hill. It being too late for taking observations last night, I
ascended at daybreak this morning, and remained up until 8 o'clock, which
was sufficient to ascertain that the enemy is not in force this side of
Centerville. Judging from our own camp-fires and smokes, I should say there
may be three or four regiments at Fairfax Court-House; twice that number at
Centerville and more at Manassas, but nothing like the amount of smokes from
our own camps in General Porter's
division.
Their line of picket
smokes near the line of the Leesburg turnpike was quite regular, and
occasionally pickets could be seen in the roads and clearings, but owing to
the haziness of the atmosphere no moving bodies of troops or their tents
were visible. The balloon for the South is all ready. Can you tell me from
what place I shall ship the materials for making gas? If from here I must
have them sent from Philadelphia to this city, that they may be
ready.
I intend going down the
river to-morrow to reinflate the balloon at Budd's Ferry. By that time the
apparatus for Poolesville will be ready, and I will station one there
also.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE.
HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
November 22, 1861.
Prof. T. S. C. LOWE:
General McClellan desires that you send
a balloon to Fort Monroe this evening or at latest by to-morrow evening's
boat to go to Port Royal. The transports will leave Fort Monroe day after
to-morrow.
A. V.
COLBURN,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
If Captain
Craven can spare the Coeur de Lion, and Captain Dahlgren also, the
Department agrees to allow her to take Professor Lowe to Old
Point.
G. V. FOX,
Assistant
Secretary.
WASHINGTON, November 23,
1861.
Major-General HOOKER,
Budd's
Ferry, Md.:
I start for
Fortress Monroe to-morrow afternoon. Will take the balloon-boat down with
me. Please inform me at what point I can anchor where it will be safe, and
will be of the most service to you.
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief
Aeronaut, U. S. Army.
BUDD'S FERRY, November 24,
1861.
Professor LOWE:
The safest and
most convenient place for anchoring your steamer will be about one mile
below your former anchorage. The balloon is now near the Posey house, and it
is from that point I desire to make the next ascension if agreeable to
yourself.
JOSEPH
HOOKER,
Brigadier-General.
OLD POINT, VA., November 27,
1861.
Brig. Gen. T. W. SHERMAN,
Commanding Forces at Port Royal, S. C.:
SIR: By
direction of General McClellan I send to your command a balloon and
aeronautic apparatus in charge of Mr. J. B. Starkweather, aeronaut, who will
report to you for service. For the purpose of aiding in these operations Mr.
Starkweather will require thirty men and a good officer. Should it be
necessary to take observations at various points, there will be required two
ordinary army wagons to convey the gas generators and materials. Anything
further that will be required will be made known by the aeronaut.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief Aeronaut, U. S.
Army.
HALL'S HILL, November 30,
1861.
Professor LOWE:
Promise of a
fair day to-morrow. Your balloon is wanted, and it is of the highest
importance that it should be here to take advantage of the first calm. Can
it be here early in the morning? I will send in men now if you will send
it.
F. J. PORTER.
WASHINGTON, November 30,
1861--11.45 p.m.
Brig. Gen. F. J. PORTER,
Hall's
Hill, Va.:
Please send in
the men and I will do my best to get the balloon there. The inflating
apparatus, as fast as finished so far, has been ordered to other points, or
I would make the gas on the ground; but for this time I must tow it, as soon
as the men get here.
T. S. C.
LOWE,
Aeronaut.
NOVEMBER 30, 1861.
General HOOKER:
General
McClellan desires me to get a map of the enemy's position opposite your
command. Can you accommodate me by sending up a draughtsman, and forwarding
the result to the general?
This fine weather will not last long. Please have the aeronaut improve every
opportunity.
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief
Aeronaut.
WASHINGTON, December 1,
1861.
WILLIAM PAULLIN,
In Charge of
Balloon, Budd's Ferry:
Do not reinflate
the balloon until it has another coat of varnish, unless it is perfectly
tight. I will send you an assistant with all the necessary articles
to-morrow. Improve every calm hour from daybreak until dark. Examine the
shore opposite Mattawoman Creek, and keep me constantly informed.
T. S. C. LOWE.
WASHINGTON, D.C., December 3,
1861.
Lieut. Col. A. V. COLBURN,
Assistant Adjutant-General:
DEAR SIR: I have
the honor to communicate to you the disposition thus far of the new balloons
in my charge. The balloon Constitution is at Budd's Ferry--General Hooker's
division. The Washington, with gas generating apparatus and materials,
is en route for Port Royal, S.C. The Intrepid, of larger
dimensions, is at General Porter's division, Hall's Hill. The Union, same
size, is intended for Poolesville, and is now ready, but has been delayed at
the navy-yard for work on gas-generating apparatus that was promised me
three weeks ago. It was supposed to be a matter of economy to have this
apparatus constructed at the navy-yard. This season of the year is not the
most propitious for continued reconnaissances, but when all the work now
under my supervision is completed, no favorable opportunity for
observations, night or day, will be allowed to pass
unimproved.
I have thus far
exercised, and in the future shall continue to exercise, the most untiring
diligence in the prosecution of the important labors intrusted to me; but,
in my judgment, the interests of this branch of service require the
immediate construction of two small balloons, for the following, among other
reasons, which I herewith respectfully commend to your favorable
consideration: When General McClellan recommended, and the Secretary of War
ordered, the addition of four balloons, the possibility or probability of
using either of them at the South was not considered; therefore, as the
ample supply of coal gas at Washington justified me in doing, I made two of
them of larger dimensions, so that being filled with coal gas they would
economically accomplish the equivalent of the work expected from a smaller
envelope filled with hydrogen, notwithstanding the difference in levity of
the two gases. These two small hydrogen balloons, as compared with the
larger ones, will be particularly serviceable at the present time, as they
will require one wagon leas each for moving generators, while the diminished
amount of material required will also tax our transportation facilities to a
much less extent.
Lastly, the
most important advantage gained will be that a light balloon, of small
dimensions, well filled with hydrogen, presents so much less surface to the
wind, and can consequently be used in the heavier weather. These qualities
are embraced in the balloons Washington and
Constitution.
Hoping the
general will allow me to construct the two small balloons, while the larger
ones are held in reserve as future contingencies may determine,
I remain, dear sir, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
T. S. C. LOWE.
WASHINGTON, D.C., December 10,
1861.
Lieut. Col. A. V. COLBURN,
Assistant Adjutant-General:
DEAR SIR: One of
my assistants arrived this morning from General Hooker's headquarters and
reports that the balloon has been constantly used for the past week making
observations of the enemy's movements and position. A large number of
ascensions have been made, the aeronaut being accompanied by Colonel Cowdin,
Colonel Small, and others. Colonel Small while up with the balloon made a
very fine map of the enemy's works and surrounding country, a copy of which
is being prepared, and will be forwarded to headquarters.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief
Aeronaut.
WASHINGTON, D. C., December 16,
1861.
Lieut. Col. A. V. COLBURN,
Assistant Adjutant-General:
DEAR SIR: I
returned yesterday from Poolesville, after stationing a balloon and
necessary inflating apparatus with General Stone's division. This is the
third of the new inflating apparatus which has been sent out, and three more
are now ready to go as soon as the other two balloons are finished. I
commenced inflation at Edwards Ferry on Friday at 4 p.m., and in three hours
generated gas sufficient to lift 1,200
pounds.
On Saturday morning I
ascended quite early and took an observation of the enemy's country. Very
few troops were visible, and these were scattered both up and down the
river. We could see into nearly every street of Leesburg, but scarcely any
troops were visible. The main body appears to be between Leesburg and
Centerville--I should judge fifteen or twenty miles below the former--as
camps and heavy smokes were quite visible in that
direction.
Later in the day I
ascended again, and a number of their tents which were visible in the
morning inside of their earth-works between Edwards Ferry and Leesburg were
taken down, and teams were observed moving toward the village of
Leesburg.
In the afternoon I
was accompanied in my ascension by General Stone, who added several points
to his map. The balloon still remains inflated, and will be ready for use at
all times, in charge of a competent assistant aeronaut. The balloon now
located at Budd's Ferry has been inflated over two weeks without any
replenishing.
The
communication of W. G. Fullerton, of December 2, in reference to
photographic pictures taken from the balloon which was referred to me, has
been examined, and I would say that the author advances no new ideas. As
soon as other matters connected with the balloons are accomplished I shall
give the photographic matter a thorough and practical test.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C.
LOWE,
Aeronaut.
During the months of January and
February balloons were kept in constant use at Budd's Ferry, Md., under the
orders of General Hooker; at Poolesville, Md., General Stone's command; at
Port Royal, S.C., General Sherman's command, and there was one also sent to
Cairo, Ill. The one last mentioned was used by Commodore Foote at the attack
on Island No. 10. During the bombardment an officer of the Navy ascended and
discovered that our shot and shell went beyond the enemy, and by altering the
range our forces were soon able to compel the enemy to
evacuate.
Up to the 1st of March
I was principally occupied in visiting the different balloon stations and
keeping everything in order. As the reports were made directly to the officers
in command of the posts where the balloons were stationed, I can only furnish
the following communications:
POOLESVILLE, January 20,
1862.
Professor LOWE,
National Hotel,
Washington:
Please send up
the small balloon immediately. The large one has suffered in its varnish
from the excessively bad weather.
C. P.
STONE,
Brigadier-General of Volunteers.
POOLESVILLE, January 25,
1862.
Professor LOWE,
National Hotel,
Washington:
The balloon
Intrepid got an inch of ice on it last night and is reported much injured.
Hurry up the smaller one.
C. P.
STONE,
Brigadier-General.
On the 10th of February I
transmitted the following report of observations made by one of my assistants
on Monday afternoon, 3 p.m., near Edwards Ferry:
Since my last
observation I have discovered an increase of encampments in and about
Leesburg, Va. They have commenced throwing up earth-works on the south side
of Goose Creek and one mile and a half from the
river.
No additional
improvement has been made upon the old work that commands the ferry, and I
think it is still unfinished.
The large fort west of Leesburg has been improved. It also appears that they
have mounted some heavy guns. I could see no change about the works south of
Leesburg. (I should judge that these were
intrenchments.)
There are two
large encampments (new)on the road running to the west from Leesburg, near
the large stone house, which is, I think, one mile from town; also an
encampment in the woods south of the large fort and west of the two
encampments near the stone
bridge.
On the north and south
side of Leesburg I noticed an increase of encampments close to the
town.
In and around the large
fort west of Leesburg there is, I think, a
regiment.
On Goose Creek,
about three miles from the river, there are some encampments. I could not
tell how many there were, as they are partly concealed by the
woods.
About five miles to the
southeast of Goose Creek and one mile from the river I observed large
quantities of smoke rising from the
woods.
To the rear of Ball's
Bluff I observed a small camp (two or three
companies).
Judging from the
size and number of encampments, I should think there were from 10,000 to
12,000 troops opposite.
POOLESVILLE, February 21,
1862.
T. S. C. LOWE:
I should like
the balloon to be put in readiness to make an ascension as early as
possible.
JNO.
SEDGWICK,
Brigadier-General, Commanding
Division.
On the 1st of March, by request
of General Heintzelman, I was ordered to take a balloon to Pohick Church, on
the Occoquan River, and the following are some of the reports made at that
time:
POHICK CHURCH, March 5,
1862.
Captain MOSES,
Assistant
Adjutant-General, Fort Lyon, Va.:
Have just made two ascensions with the balloon. It is fully
inflated, and will take up two persons with all the ropes. If to-morrow is a
fine day it would be a good time for the general to go up. I can see
camp-fires on the Occoquan.
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief
Aeronaut, U. S. Army.
MARCH 6, 1862--11
a.m.
Brigadier-General MARCY,
Chief
of Staff, Army of the Potomac:
I made two
ascensions last evening. Saw fires at Fairfax Station; some on the road near
the Occoquan. This morning cavalry scouts are visible on this side of the
Occoquan below Sandy Run. There are five large smokes on the other side of
the Occoquan, commencing at the ford below Wolf Creek and extending to the
Potomac. Judging from appearances, compared with General Hooker's division,
I should think their force inferior to his. The balloon at Budd's Ferry has
been up all the morning at the same time with me. If the force here could be
advanced across Pohick Creek on the heights, I should have no difficulty in
getting very near the exact number of the enemy, as well as all of their
fortified places.
We could
also signal from one balloon to the other, which would be of importance to
me.
I have sent for the
balloon at Poolesville. Please inform me where to station it.
Your obedient servant,
T. S. C.
LOWE,
Chief Aeronaut.
POHICK CHURCH, March 6,
1862.
Brig. Gen. R. B. MARCY,
Chief
of Staff, Army of the Potomac:
GENERAL: I
ascended at 5 this p.m. and remained up until 6 o'clock. It was calm and
clear, and many of the enemy's camps were visible, and the smoke ascending
straight gave a good idea of the enemy's
position.
There are more
smokes than usual at Fairfax Station, and a line of picket smokes extending
southeast from there and nearly forming a junction with our lines running
toward Springfield Station.
Heavy smokes (besides those seen in the morning) at Dumfries, Brentsville,
Bradley's, and Manassas. General Heintzelman was here at 2 o'clock and went
up twice.
I am greatly in need
of that map that I spoke about yesterday to enable me to name places and
distances more correctly. The one I have is small and inaccurate.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief
Aeronaut.
POHICK CHURCH, March 6,
1862.
Capt. E. SEAVER,
In Charge of
Balloon, Budd's Ferry, Md.:
I saw your
balloon up this morning, but not this p.m. If to-morrow morning is calm, I
shall ascend at 7 o'clock, or the first favorable spell. Do the same at your
place, with one of your signal officers, that I may see if signals may be
used at this distance.
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief
Aeronaut.
On the 7th General Berry, of
General Heintzelman's command, ascended several times and discovered the
evacuation of the Occoquan, which he reported to the latter officer. This was
the first indication of the retirement of the enemy from
Manassas.
I was personally
absent in Washington, preparing a balloon to be taken to a point near Fairfax
Court-House to watch for the evacuation, as it was somewhat expected, but for
want of transportation I was unable to reach Fairfax until the 10th. To show
with what esteem the commanding general held the operations of the aeronautic
department, the following orders are submitted, which embrace all the items of
interest up to the 1st of April, and it is believed that they indicate an
appreciation of my services after an experience of the previous seven
months:
WASHINGTON, D. C., March 12,
1862.
Mr. T. S. C. LOWE,
Aeronaut,
Army of the Potomac:
SIR: You will
make arrangements without delay to send to Fortress Monroe, Va., a balloon
with all the requisite apparatus and materials for inflating it and making
ascensions, and an aeronaut to manage the same.
By order of Major-General
McClellan:
J. N. MACOMB,
Lieutenant-Colonel,
Aide-de-Camp, in Charge of Balloons.
HALL'S HILL, March 8,
1862.
Professor LOWE,
National Hotel,
Washington:
I am authorized
by General McClellan to call upon you for the balloon and inflating
apparatus from Poolesville, and will be glad to have it here at as early an
hour as possible, to take an observation a short distance in advance, where
it will be well protected. Please reply what hour you will send it, as I
desire to take an advantage of clear and calm weather. I wish the balloon
but a few hours.
F. J.
PORTER,
Brigadier-General.
HALL'S HILL, March 9,
1862.
Professor LOWE:
Have your
balloon out to Fairfax Court-House at as early an hour to-morrow as
possible. Major Stone will give you all the facilities you desire. Show this
to him.
By command of General F. J.
Porter:
FRED. T. LOCKE,
Assistant
Adjutant-General.
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 13,
1862.
Maj. Gen. J. E. WOOL,
Commanding Department of Virginia, Fortress Monroe,
Va.:
GENERAL: By
order of Major-General McClellan I send to you an aeronaut, Mr. E. Seaver,
with a balloon and all necessary apparatus for making ascensions, who is
instructed to report to you without
delay.
I would very
respectfully request that the aeronaut be furnished with such aid as may be
required to manage the balloon to the best advantage, and trusting that by
its means you will be able at all times to ascertain the position and
movements of the enemy.
I remain, with respect, your obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief Aeronaut, Army of
the Potomac.
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 15,
1862.
Lieut. Col. J. N. MACOMB,
Aide-de-Camp and Major of Topographical
Engineers:
COLONEL: In
accordance with orders, I proceeded yesterday from the Washington Navy-Yard
to Budd's Ferry, and shipped the balloon and apparatus on board the steamer
Hugh Jenkins, for Fortress Monroe,
Va.
The dispatch which I had
sent to Mr. Seaver to get the apparatus in his charge ready to move had not
been received, and I found the balloon on the Virginia side of the river
inflated, where it had been in use, and consequently my time was occupied
during the entire night in getting the things together and shipping the
same, in order that they might be on the way this morning, which I
accomplished. On examination it was found impossible to turn the balloon
barge until some repairs have been made to her rudder post, which got
damaged during the late storm. I therefore sent the generator mounted upon
wheels.
I sent Mr. Seaver to
operate the balloon at Fort Monroe, with credentials, as Mr. Mason and Mr.
C. Lowe did not arrive in time, they being occupied at Fairfax Court-House
and Pohick Church, arranging apparatus for moving. I will send one of them
to assist Mr. Seaver to-morrow or next day.
Very respectfully, your most obedient
servant,
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief
Aeronaut.
SEMINARY, March 20,
1862.
Professor LOWE,
National Hotel,
Washington:
I wish your
balloon to embark with me at 9 to-morrow.
F. J.
PORTER,
Brigadier-General, Headquarters near
Seminary.
HEADQUARTERS PORTER'S DIVISION,
March 21, 1862.
OFFICER IN CHARGE OF BALLOON PARTY:
SIR: You will
prepare to embark this morning with this division. You will take three days'
cooked provisions and three days' uncooked. You will be ready to march by 9
o'clock this morning.
By command of Brig. Gen. F. J.
Porter:
FRED. T. LOCKE,
Assistant
Adjutant-General.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE
POTOMAC,
Near Alexandria Seminary, Va., March
22, 1862.
Mr. LOWE,
National Hotel,
Washington, D.C.:
SIR: The
commanding general directs that you make your arrangements to proceed to
Fort Monroe with your balloons the same time that he moves, probably in the
course of the following week.
The general will probably establish his headquarters on the steamer
Commodore in a day or two.
I
inclose your accounts approved, and with an order for its payment by
Lieutenant-Colonel Macomb indorsed thereon.
Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
S. WILLIAMS,
Assistant
Adjutant-General.
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE
POTOMAC,
March 23,
1862.
T. S. C. LOWE,
Chief Aeronaut,
National Hotel, Washington:
The commanding
general directs that you proceed with your balloons and apparatus to Fort
Monroe, Va., and there await his further
orders.
It is understood that
you have left a balloon with General Wadsworth, and that General F. J.
Porter has one with him. Is this so? Please answer.
S. WILLIAMS,
Assistant
Adjutant-General.